diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index e9f4e447c..034158d9d 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1197,7 +1197,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "boa_engine",
  "chrono",
  "clash-verge-draft",
- "clash-verge-i18n",
  "clash-verge-logging",
  "clash-verge-signal",
  "clash-verge-types",
@@ -1225,12 +1224,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "reqwest",
  "reqwest_dav",
  "runas",
+ "rust-i18n",
  "rust_iso3166",
  "scopeguard",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "serde_yaml_ng",
  "smartstring",
+ "sys-locale",
  "sysproxy",
  "tauri",
  "tauri-build",
@@ -1267,14 +1268,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "tokio",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "clash-verge-i18n"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "rust-i18n",
- "sys-locale",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "clash-verge-logging"
 version = "0.1.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e3b1dc86d..812b14fa0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 [workspace]
 members = [
-  "src-tauri",
-  "crates/clash-verge-draft",
-  "crates/clash-verge-logging",
-  "crates/clash-verge-signal",
-  "crates/tauri-plugin-clash-verge-sysinfo",
-  "crates/clash-verge-types",
-  "crates/clash-verge-i18n",
+    "src-tauri",
+    "crates/clash-verge-draft",
+    "crates/clash-verge-logging",
+    "crates/clash-verge-signal",
+    "crates/tauri-plugin-clash-verge-sysinfo",
+    "crates/clash-verge-types",
 ]
 resolver = "2"
 
@@ -45,7 +44,6 @@ clash-verge-draft = { path = "crates/clash-verge-draft" }
 clash-verge-logging = { path = "crates/clash-verge-logging" }
 clash-verge-signal = { path = "crates/clash-verge-signal" }
 clash-verge-types = { path = "crates/clash-verge-types" }
-clash-verge-i18n = { path = "crates/clash-verge-i18n" }
 tauri-plugin-clash-verge-sysinfo = { path = "crates/tauri-plugin-clash-verge-sysinfo" }
 
 tauri = { version = "2.9.5" }
@@ -54,10 +52,10 @@ parking_lot = { version = "0.12.5", features = ["hardware-lock-elision"] }
 anyhow = "1.0.100"
 criterion = { version = "0.7.0", features = ["async_tokio"] }
 tokio = { version = "1.48.0", features = [
-  "rt-multi-thread",
-  "macros",
-  "time",
-  "sync",
+    "rt-multi-thread",
+    "macros",
+    "time",
+    "sync",
 ] }
 flexi_logger = "0.31.7"
 log = "0.4.29"
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/Cargo.toml b/crates/clash-verge-i18n/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 1823e18c8..000000000
--- a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "clash-verge-i18n"
-version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2024"
-
-[dependencies]
-rust-i18n = "3.1.5"
-sys-locale = "0.3.2"
-
-[lints]
-workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/src/lib.rs b/crates/clash-verge-i18n/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7be0ad271..000000000
--- a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-use rust_i18n::i18n;
-
-const DEFAULT_LANGUAGE: &str = "zh";
-i18n!("locales", fallback = "zh");
-
-#[inline]
-fn locale_alias(locale: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
-    match locale {
-        "ja" | "ja-jp" | "jp" => Some("jp"),
-        "zh" | "zh-cn" | "zh-hans" | "zh-sg" | "zh-my" | "zh-chs" => Some("zh"),
-        "zh-tw" | "zh-hk" | "zh-hant" | "zh-mo" | "zh-cht" => Some("zhtw"),
-        _ => None,
-    }
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn resolve_supported_language(language: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
-    if language.is_empty() {
-        return None;
-    }
-    let normalized = language.to_lowercase().replace('_', "-");
-    let segments: Vec<&str> = normalized.split('-').collect();
-    let supported = rust_i18n::available_locales!();
-    for i in (1..=segments.len()).rev() {
-        let prefix = segments[..i].join("-");
-        if let Some(alias) = locale_alias(&prefix)
-            && let Some(&found) = supported.iter().find(|&&l| l.eq_ignore_ascii_case(alias))
-        {
-            return Some(found);
-        }
-        if let Some(&found) = supported.iter().find(|&&l| l.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&prefix)) {
-            return Some(found);
-        }
-    }
-    None
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn current_language(language: Option<&str>) -> &str {
-    language
-        .as_ref()
-        .filter(|lang| !lang.is_empty())
-        .and_then(|lang| resolve_supported_language(lang))
-        .unwrap_or_else(system_language)
-}
-
-#[inline]
-pub fn system_language() -> &'static str {
-    sys_locale::get_locale()
-        .as_deref()
-        .and_then(resolve_supported_language)
-        .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_LANGUAGE)
-}
-
-#[inline]
-pub fn sync_locale(language: Option<&str>) {
-    let language = current_language(language);
-    set_locale(language);
-}
-
-#[inline]
-pub fn set_locale(language: &str) {
-    let lang = resolve_supported_language(language).unwrap_or(DEFAULT_LANGUAGE);
-    rust_i18n::set_locale(lang);
-}
-
-#[inline]
-pub fn translate(key: &str) -> String {
-    rust_i18n::t!(key).to_string()
-}
-
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! t {
-    ($key:expr) => {
-        $crate::translate(&$key)
-    };
-    ($key:expr, $($arg_name:ident = $arg_value:expr),*) => {
-        {
-            let mut _text = $crate::translate(&$key);
-            $(
-                _text = _text.replace(&format!("{{{}}}", stringify!($arg_name)), &$arg_value.to_string());
-            )*
-            _text
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use super::resolve_supported_language;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_resolve_supported_language() {
-        assert_eq!(resolve_supported_language("en"), Some("en"));
-        assert_eq!(resolve_supported_language("en-US"), Some("en"));
-        assert_eq!(resolve_supported_language("zh"), Some("zh"));
-        assert_eq!(resolve_supported_language("zh-CN"), Some("zh"));
-        assert_eq!(resolve_supported_language("zh-Hant"), Some("zhtw"));
-        assert_eq!(resolve_supported_language("jp"), Some("jp"));
-        assert_eq!(resolve_supported_language("ja-JP"), Some("jp"));
-        assert_eq!(resolve_supported_language("fr"), None);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/docs/CONTRIBUTING_i18n.md b/docs/CONTRIBUTING_i18n.md
index 0ed352571..2d9e6674f 100644
--- a/docs/CONTRIBUTING_i18n.md
+++ b/docs/CONTRIBUTING_i18n.md
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ Thanks for helping localize Clash Verge Rev. This guide reflects the current arc
 ## Quick workflow
 
 - Update the language folder under `src/locales/<lang>/`; use `src/locales/en/` as the canonical reference for keys and intent.
-- Run `pnpm i18n:format` to align structure (frontend JSON + backend YAML) and `pnpm i18n:types` to refresh generated typings.
-- If you touch backend copy, edit the matching YAML file in `crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/<lang>.yml`.
+- Run `pnpm format:i18n` to align structure and `pnpm i18n:types` to refresh generated typings.
+- If you touch backend copy, edit the matching YAML file in `src-tauri/locales/<lang>.yml`.
 - Preview UI changes with `pnpm dev` (desktop shell) or `pnpm web:dev` (web only).
 - Keep PRs focused and add screenshots whenever layout could be affected by text length.
 
@@ -33,20 +33,19 @@ src/locales/
 
 Because backend translations now live in their own directory, you no longer need to run `pnpm prebuild` just to sync locales—the frontend folder is the sole source of truth for web bundles.
 
-## Tooling for i18n contributors
+## Tooling for frontend contributors
 
-- `pnpm i18n:format` → `node scripts/cleanup-unused-i18n.mjs --align --apply`. It aligns key ordering, removes unused entries, and keeps all locales in lock-step with English across both JSON and YAML bundles.
-- `pnpm i18n:check` performs a dry-run audit of frontend and backend keys. It scans TS/TSX usage plus Rust `t!(...)` calls in `src-tauri/` and `crates/` to spot missing or extra entries.
+- `pnpm format:i18n` → `node scripts/cleanup-unused-i18n.mjs --align --apply`. It aligns key ordering, removes unused entries, and keeps all locales in lock-step with English.
+- `pnpm node scripts/cleanup-unused-i18n.mjs` (without flags) performs a dry-run audit. Use it to inspect missing or extra keys before committing.
 - `pnpm i18n:types` regenerates `src/types/generated/i18n-keys.ts` and `src/types/generated/i18n-resources.ts`, ensuring TypeScript catches invalid key usage.
 - For dynamic keys that the analyzer cannot statically detect, add explicit references in code or update the script whitelist to avoid false positives.
 
 ## Backend (Tauri) locale bundles
 
-Native UI strings (tray menu, notifications, dialogs) use `rust-i18n` with YAML bundles stored in `crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/<lang>.yml`. These files are completely independent from the frontend JSON modules.
+Native UI strings (tray menu, notifications, dialogs) use `rust-i18n` with YAML bundles stored in `src-tauri/locales/<lang>.yml`. These files are completely independent from the frontend JSON modules.
 
 - Keep `en.yml` semantically aligned with the Simplified Chinese baseline (`zh.yml`). Other locales may temporarily copy English if no translation is available yet.
 - When a backend feature introduces new strings, update every YAML file to keep the key set consistent. Missing keys fall back to the default language (`zh`), so catching gaps early avoids mixed-language output.
-- The same `pnpm i18n:check` / `pnpm i18n:format` tooling now validates backend YAML keys against Rust usage, so run it after backend i18n edits.
 - Rust code resolves the active language through `src-tauri/src/utils/i18n.rs`. No additional build step is required after editing YAML files; `tauri dev` and `tauri build` pick them up automatically.
 
 ## Adding a new language
@@ -54,8 +53,9 @@ Native UI strings (tray menu, notifications, dialogs) use `rust-i18n` with YAML
 1. Duplicate `src/locales/en/` into `src/locales/<new-lang>/` and translate the JSON files while preserving key structure.
 2. Update the locale’s `index.ts` to import every namespace. Matching the English file is the easiest way to avoid missing exports.
 3. Append the language code to `supportedLanguages` in `src/services/i18n.ts`.
-4. If the backend should expose the language, create `crates/clash-verge-i18n/<new-lang>.yml` and translate the keys used in existing YAML files.
-5. Run `pnpm i18n:format`, `pnpm i18n:types`, and (optionally) `pnpm i18n:check` in dry-run mode to confirm structure.
+4. If the backend should expose the language, create `src-tauri/locales/<new-lang>.yml` and translate the keys used in existing YAML files.
+5. Adjust `crowdin.yml` if the locale requires a special mapping for Crowdin.
+6. Run `pnpm format:i18n`, `pnpm i18n:types`, and (optionally) `pnpm node scripts/cleanup-unused-i18n.mjs` in dry-run mode to confirm structure.
 
 ## Authoring guidelines
 
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 9211ab0fe..c13970d9b 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -28,8 +28,7 @@
     "lint:fix": "eslint -c eslint.config.ts --max-warnings=0 --cache --cache-location .eslintcache --fix src",
     "format": "prettier --write .",
     "format:check": "prettier --check .",
-    "i18n:check": "node scripts/cleanup-unused-i18n.mjs",
-    "i18n:format": "node scripts/cleanup-unused-i18n.mjs --align --apply",
+    "format:i18n": "node scripts/cleanup-unused-i18n.mjs --align --apply",
     "i18n:types": "node scripts/generate-i18n-keys.mjs",
     "typecheck": "tsc --noEmit"
   },
diff --git a/scripts/cleanup-unused-i18n.mjs b/scripts/cleanup-unused-i18n.mjs
index 9e64bf4a9..45e7a9be7 100644
--- a/scripts/cleanup-unused-i18n.mjs
+++ b/scripts/cleanup-unused-i18n.mjs
@@ -4,23 +4,18 @@ import fs from "fs";
 import path from "path";
 import { fileURLToPath } from "url";
 
-import yaml from "js-yaml";
 import ts from "typescript";
 
 const __filename = fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);
 const __dirname = path.dirname(__filename);
 
-const FRONTEND_LOCALES_DIR = path.resolve(__dirname, "../src/locales");
-const BACKEND_LOCALES_DIR = path.resolve(
-  __dirname,
-  "../crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales",
-);
-const DEFAULT_FRONTEND_SOURCE_DIRS = [path.resolve(__dirname, "../src")];
-const DEFAULT_BACKEND_SOURCE_DIRS = [
+const LOCALES_DIR = path.resolve(__dirname, "../src/locales");
+const TAURI_LOCALES_DIR = path.resolve(__dirname, "../src-tauri/locales");
+const DEFAULT_SOURCE_DIRS = [
+  path.resolve(__dirname, "../src"),
   path.resolve(__dirname, "../src-tauri"),
-  path.resolve(__dirname, "../crates"),
 ];
-const EXCLUDE_USAGE_DIRS = [FRONTEND_LOCALES_DIR, BACKEND_LOCALES_DIR];
+const EXCLUDE_USAGE_DIRS = [LOCALES_DIR, TAURI_LOCALES_DIR];
 const DEFAULT_BASELINE_LANG = "en";
 const IGNORE_DIR_NAMES = new Set([
   ".git",
@@ -41,7 +36,7 @@ const IGNORE_DIR_NAMES = new Set([
   "logs",
   "__pycache__",
 ]);
-const FRONTEND_EXTENSIONS = new Set([
+const SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS = new Set([
   ".ts",
   ".tsx",
   ".js",
@@ -51,7 +46,6 @@ const FRONTEND_EXTENSIONS = new Set([
   ".vue",
   ".json",
 ]);
-const BACKEND_EXTENSIONS = new Set([".rs"]);
 
 const TS_EXTENSIONS = new Set([".ts", ".tsx", ".js", ".jsx", ".mjs", ".cjs"]);
 
@@ -92,25 +86,20 @@ const WHITELIST_KEYS = new Set([
   "theme.light",
   "theme.dark",
   "theme.system",
-  "_version",
+  "Already Using Latest Core Version",
 ]);
 
 const MAX_PREVIEW_ENTRIES = 40;
 const dynamicKeyCache = new Map();
 const fileUsageCache = new Map();
 
-function resetUsageCaches() {
-  dynamicKeyCache.clear();
-  fileUsageCache.clear();
-}
-
 function printUsage() {
   console.log(`Usage: pnpm node scripts/cleanup-unused-i18n.mjs [options]
 
 Options:
   --apply            Write locale files with unused keys removed (default: report only)
   --align            Align locale structure/order using the baseline locale
-  --baseline <lang>  Baseline locale file name for frontend/backend (default: ${DEFAULT_BASELINE_LANG})
+  --baseline <lang>  Baseline locale file name (default: ${DEFAULT_BASELINE_LANG})
   --keep-extra       Preserve keys that exist only in non-baseline locales when aligning
   --no-backup        Skip creating \`.bak\` backups when applying changes
   --report <path>    Write a JSON report to the given path
@@ -159,7 +148,7 @@ function parseArgs(argv) {
         if (!next) {
           throw new Error("--baseline requires a locale name (e.g. en)");
         }
-        options.baseline = next.replace(/\.(json|ya?ml)$/i, "");
+        options.baseline = next.replace(/\.json$/, "");
         i += 1;
         break;
       }
@@ -222,16 +211,14 @@ function getAllFiles(start, predicate) {
   return files;
 }
 
-function collectSourceFiles(sourceDirs, options = {}) {
-  const supportedExtensions =
-    options.supportedExtensions ?? FRONTEND_EXTENSIONS;
+function collectSourceFiles(sourceDirs) {
   const seen = new Set();
   const files = [];
 
   for (const dir of sourceDirs) {
     const resolved = getAllFiles(dir, (filePath) => {
       if (seen.has(filePath)) return false;
-      if (!supportedExtensions.has(path.extname(filePath))) return false;
+      if (!SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS.has(path.extname(filePath))) return false;
       if (
         EXCLUDE_USAGE_DIRS.some((excluded) =>
           filePath.startsWith(`${excluded}${path.sep}`),
@@ -686,45 +673,6 @@ function collectUsedKeysFromTextFile(file, baselineNamespaces, usedKeys) {
   }
 }
 
-function readRustStringLiteral(source, startIndex) {
-  const slice = source.slice(startIndex);
-  if (slice.startsWith('"')) {
-    const match = slice.match(/^"(?:\\.|[^"\\])*"/);
-    if (!match) return null;
-    return match[0].slice(1, -1);
-  }
-  if (slice.startsWith("r")) {
-    const match = slice.match(/^r(#+)?"([\s\S]*?)"\1/);
-    if (!match) return null;
-    return match[2];
-  }
-  return null;
-}
-
-function collectUsedKeysFromRustFile(
-  file,
-  baselineNamespaces,
-  usedKeys,
-  _dynamicPrefixes,
-) {
-  const pattern = /\b(?:[A-Za-z_][\w:]*::)?t!\s*\(/g;
-  let match;
-  while ((match = pattern.exec(file.content))) {
-    let index = match.index + match[0].length;
-    while (index < file.content.length && /\s/.test(file.content[index])) {
-      index += 1;
-    }
-    const key = readRustStringLiteral(file.content, index);
-    if (key) {
-      addKeyIfValid(key, usedKeys, baselineNamespaces, {
-        forceNamespace: true,
-      });
-    }
-  }
-
-  collectUsedKeysFromTextFile(file, baselineNamespaces, usedKeys);
-}
-
 function collectUsedI18nKeys(sourceFiles, baselineNamespaces) {
   const usedKeys = new Set();
   const dynamicPrefixes = new Set();
@@ -737,13 +685,6 @@ function collectUsedI18nKeys(sourceFiles, baselineNamespaces) {
         usedKeys,
         dynamicPrefixes,
       );
-    } else if (file.extension === ".rs") {
-      collectUsedKeysFromRustFile(
-        file,
-        baselineNamespaces,
-        usedKeys,
-        dynamicPrefixes,
-      );
     } else {
       collectUsedKeysFromTextFile(file, baselineNamespaces, usedKeys);
     }
@@ -923,16 +864,12 @@ function writeReport(reportPath, data) {
   fs.writeFileSync(reportPath, `${payload}\n`, "utf8");
 }
 
-function isPlainObject(value) {
-  return value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value);
-}
-
-function loadFrontendLocales() {
-  if (!fs.existsSync(FRONTEND_LOCALES_DIR)) {
-    throw new Error(`Locales directory not found: ${FRONTEND_LOCALES_DIR}`);
+function loadLocales() {
+  if (!fs.existsSync(LOCALES_DIR)) {
+    throw new Error(`Locales directory not found: ${LOCALES_DIR}`);
   }
 
-  const entries = fs.readdirSync(FRONTEND_LOCALES_DIR, { withFileTypes: true });
+  const entries = fs.readdirSync(LOCALES_DIR, { withFileTypes: true });
   const locales = [];
 
   for (const entry of entries) {
@@ -942,12 +879,12 @@ function loadFrontendLocales() {
         !entry.name.endsWith(".bak") &&
         !entry.name.endsWith(".old")
       ) {
-        const localePath = path.join(FRONTEND_LOCALES_DIR, entry.name);
+        const localePath = path.join(LOCALES_DIR, entry.name);
         const name = path.basename(entry.name, ".json");
         const raw = fs.readFileSync(localePath, "utf8");
         locales.push({
           name,
-          dir: FRONTEND_LOCALES_DIR,
+          dir: LOCALES_DIR,
           format: "single-file",
           files: [
             {
@@ -964,7 +901,7 @@ function loadFrontendLocales() {
     if (!entry.isDirectory()) continue;
     if (entry.name.startsWith(".")) continue;
 
-    const localeDir = path.join(FRONTEND_LOCALES_DIR, entry.name);
+    const localeDir = path.join(LOCALES_DIR, entry.name);
     const namespaceEntries = fs
       .readdirSync(localeDir, { withFileTypes: true })
       .filter(
@@ -1005,51 +942,6 @@ function loadFrontendLocales() {
   return locales;
 }
 
-function loadBackendLocales() {
-  if (!fs.existsSync(BACKEND_LOCALES_DIR)) {
-    return [];
-  }
-
-  const entries = fs.readdirSync(BACKEND_LOCALES_DIR, { withFileTypes: true });
-  const locales = [];
-
-  for (const entry of entries) {
-    if (!entry.isFile()) continue;
-    if (entry.name.endsWith(".bak") || entry.name.endsWith(".old")) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (!/\.(ya?ml)$/i.test(entry.name)) continue;
-
-    const localePath = path.join(BACKEND_LOCALES_DIR, entry.name);
-    const name = entry.name.replace(/\.(ya?ml)$/i, "");
-    const raw = fs.readFileSync(localePath, "utf8");
-    let data = {};
-    try {
-      const parsed = yaml.load(raw);
-      data = isPlainObject(parsed) ? parsed : {};
-    } catch (error) {
-      console.warn(`Warning: failed to parse ${localePath}: ${error.message}`);
-      data = {};
-    }
-
-    locales.push({
-      name,
-      dir: BACKEND_LOCALES_DIR,
-      format: "yaml-file",
-      files: [
-        {
-          namespace: "translation",
-          path: localePath,
-        },
-      ],
-      data,
-    });
-  }
-
-  locales.sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name));
-  return locales;
-}
-
 function ensureBackup(localePath) {
   const backupPath = `${localePath}.bak`;
   if (fs.existsSync(backupPath)) {
@@ -1150,15 +1042,6 @@ function writeLocale(locale, data, options) {
   let success = false;
 
   try {
-    if (locale.format === "yaml-file") {
-      const target = locale.files[0].path;
-      backupIfNeeded(target, backups, options);
-      const serialized = yaml.dump(data ?? {}, { lineWidth: -1, noRefs: true });
-      fs.writeFileSync(target, `${serialized.trimEnd()}\n`, "utf8");
-      success = true;
-      return;
-    }
-
     if (locale.format === "single-file") {
       const target = locale.files[0].path;
       backupIfNeeded(target, backups, options);
@@ -1214,8 +1097,6 @@ function processLocale(
   sourceFiles,
   missingFromSource,
   options,
-  groupName,
-  baselineName,
 ) {
   const data = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(locale.data));
   const flattened = flattenLocale(data);
@@ -1231,7 +1112,7 @@ function processLocale(
   }
 
   const sourceMissing =
-    locale.name === baselineName
+    locale.name === options.baseline
       ? missingFromSource.filter((key) => !flattened.has(key))
       : [];
 
@@ -1284,9 +1165,8 @@ function processLocale(
   }
 
   return {
-    group: groupName,
     locale: locale.name,
-    file: locale.format === "multi-file" ? locale.dir : locale.files[0].path,
+    file: locale.format === "single-file" ? locale.files[0].path : locale.dir,
     totalKeys: flattened.size,
     expectedKeys: expectedTotal,
     unusedKeys: unused,
@@ -1298,42 +1178,34 @@ function processLocale(
   };
 }
 
-function summarizeResults(results) {
-  return results.reduce(
-    (totals, result) => {
-      totals.totalUnused += result.unusedKeys.length;
-      totals.totalMissing += result.missingKeys.length;
-      totals.totalExtra += result.extraKeys.length;
-      totals.totalSourceMissing += result.missingSourceKeys.length;
-      return totals;
-    },
-    {
-      totalUnused: 0,
-      totalMissing: 0,
-      totalExtra: 0,
-      totalSourceMissing: 0,
-    },
-  );
-}
+function main() {
+  const argv = process.argv.slice(2);
+
+  let options;
+  try {
+    options = parseArgs(argv);
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error(`Error: ${error.message}`);
+    console.log();
+    printUsage();
+    process.exit(1);
+  }
 
-function processLocaleGroup(group, options) {
   const sourceDirs = [
-    ...new Set([...group.sourceDirs, ...options.extraSources]),
+    ...new Set([...DEFAULT_SOURCE_DIRS, ...options.extraSources]),
   ];
 
-  console.log(`\n[${group.label}] Scanning source directories:`);
+  console.log("Scanning source directories:");
   for (const dir of sourceDirs) {
     console.log(`  - ${dir}`);
   }
 
-  const sourceFiles = collectSourceFiles(sourceDirs, {
-    supportedExtensions: group.supportedExtensions,
-  });
-  const locales = group.locales;
+  const sourceFiles = collectSourceFiles(sourceDirs);
+  const locales = loadLocales();
 
   if (locales.length === 0) {
-    console.log(`[${group.label}] No locale files found.`);
-    return null;
+    console.log("No locale files found.");
+    return;
   }
 
   const baselineLocale = locales.find(
@@ -1343,7 +1215,7 @@ function processLocaleGroup(group, options) {
   if (!baselineLocale) {
     const available = locales.map((item) => item.name).join(", ");
     throw new Error(
-      `[${group.label}] Baseline locale "${options.baseline}" not found. Available locales: ${available}`,
+      `Baseline locale "${options.baseline}" not found. Available locales: ${available}`,
     );
   }
 
@@ -1363,11 +1235,8 @@ function processLocaleGroup(group, options) {
     return a.name.localeCompare(b.name);
   });
 
-  console.log(
-    `\n[${group.label}] Checking ${locales.length} locale files...\n`,
-  );
+  console.log(`\nChecking ${locales.length} locale files...\n`);
 
-  resetUsageCaches();
   const results = locales.map((locale) =>
     processLocale(
       locale,
@@ -1377,85 +1246,35 @@ function processLocaleGroup(group, options) {
       sourceFiles,
       missingFromSource,
       options,
-      group.label,
-      baselineLocale.name,
     ),
   );
 
-  const totals = summarizeResults(results);
+  const totalUnused = results.reduce(
+    (count, result) => count + result.unusedKeys.length,
+    0,
+  );
+  const totalMissing = results.reduce(
+    (count, result) => count + result.missingKeys.length,
+    0,
+  );
+  const totalExtra = results.reduce(
+    (count, result) => count + result.extraKeys.length,
+    0,
+  );
+  const totalSourceMissing = results.reduce(
+    (count, result) => count + result.missingSourceKeys.length,
+    0,
+  );
 
-  console.log(`\n[${group.label}] Summary:`);
+  console.log("\nSummary:");
   for (const result of results) {
     console.log(
       `  • ${result.locale}: unused=${result.unusedKeys.length}, missing=${result.missingKeys.length}, extra=${result.extraKeys.length}, missingSource=${result.missingSourceKeys.length}, total=${result.totalKeys}, expected=${result.expectedKeys}`,
     );
   }
   console.log(
-    `\n[${group.label}] Totals → unused: ${totals.totalUnused}, missing: ${totals.totalMissing}, extra: ${totals.totalExtra}, missingSource: ${totals.totalSourceMissing}`,
+    `\nTotals → unused: ${totalUnused}, missing: ${totalMissing}, extra: ${totalExtra}, missingSource: ${totalSourceMissing}`,
   );
-
-  return {
-    group: group.label,
-    baseline: baselineLocale.name,
-    sourceDirs,
-    totals,
-    results,
-  };
-}
-
-function main() {
-  const argv = process.argv.slice(2);
-
-  let options;
-  try {
-    options = parseArgs(argv);
-  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`Error: ${error.message}`);
-    console.log();
-    printUsage();
-    process.exit(1);
-  }
-
-  const localeGroups = [
-    {
-      label: "frontend",
-      locales: loadFrontendLocales(),
-      sourceDirs: DEFAULT_FRONTEND_SOURCE_DIRS,
-      supportedExtensions: FRONTEND_EXTENSIONS,
-    },
-    {
-      label: "backend",
-      locales: loadBackendLocales(),
-      sourceDirs: DEFAULT_BACKEND_SOURCE_DIRS,
-      supportedExtensions: BACKEND_EXTENSIONS,
-    },
-  ].filter((group) => group.locales.length > 0);
-
-  if (localeGroups.length === 0) {
-    console.log("No locale files found.");
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const groupReports = [];
-  const allResults = [];
-
-  for (const group of localeGroups) {
-    const report = processLocaleGroup(group, options);
-    if (!report) continue;
-    groupReports.push(report);
-    allResults.push(...report.results);
-  }
-
-  if (groupReports.length > 1) {
-    const overallTotals = summarizeResults(allResults);
-    console.log(
-      `\nOverall totals → unused: ${overallTotals.totalUnused}, missing: ${overallTotals.totalMissing}, extra: ${overallTotals.totalExtra}, missingSource: ${overallTotals.totalSourceMissing}`,
-    );
-  }
-
-  if (allResults.length === 0) {
-    return;
-  }
   if (options.apply) {
     console.log(
       "Files were updated in-place; review diffs before committing changes.",
@@ -1482,17 +1301,11 @@ function main() {
         apply: options.apply,
         backup: options.backup,
         align: options.align,
-        baseline: options.baseline,
+        baseline: baselineLocale.name,
         keepExtra: options.keepExtra,
+        sourceDirs,
       },
-      groups: groupReports.map((report) => ({
-        group: report.group,
-        baseline: report.baseline,
-        sourceDirs: report.sourceDirs,
-        totals: report.totals,
-        locales: report.results.map((result) => result.locale),
-      })),
-      results: allResults,
+      results,
     };
     writeReport(options.reportPath, payload);
     console.log(`Report written to ${options.reportPath}`);
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index b7aaf30bd..03d5cbdd8 100755
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ clash-verge-draft = { workspace = true }
 clash-verge-logging = { workspace = true }
 clash-verge-signal = { workspace = true }
 clash-verge-types = { workspace = true }
-clash-verge-i18n = { workspace = true }
 tauri-plugin-clash-verge-sysinfo = { workspace = true }
 tauri-plugin-clipboard-manager = { workspace = true }
 tauri = { workspace = true, features = [
@@ -82,6 +81,7 @@ aes-gcm = { version = "0.10.3", features = ["std"] }
 base64 = "0.22.1"
 getrandom = "0.3.4"
 futures = "0.3.31"
+sys-locale = "0.3.2"
 gethostname = "1.1.0"
 scopeguard = "1.2.0"
 tauri-plugin-notification = "2.3.3"
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ clash_verge_service_ipc = { version = "2.0.26", features = [
   "client",
 ], git = "https://github.com/clash-verge-rev/clash-verge-service-ipc" }
 arc-swap = "1.7.1"
+rust-i18n = "3.1.5"
 rust_iso3166 = "0.1.14"
 dark-light = "2.0.0"
 
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/ar.yml b/src-tauri/locales/ar.yml
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/ar.yml
rename to src-tauri/locales/ar.yml
index c9467a742..bd2ef91fd 100644
--- a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/ar.yml
+++ b/src-tauri/locales/ar.yml
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ notifications:
     title: Application Hidden
     body: Clash Verge is running in the background.
 service:
-  adminInstallPrompt: Installing the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
-  adminUninstallPrompt: Uninstalling the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
+  adminPrompt: Installing the service requires administrator privileges.
 tray:
   dashboard: Dashboard
   ruleMode: Rule Mode
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/de.yml b/src-tauri/locales/de.yml
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/de.yml
rename to src-tauri/locales/de.yml
index dce98f8f7..4bef5d8bd 100644
--- a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/de.yml
+++ b/src-tauri/locales/de.yml
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ notifications:
     title: Application Hidden
     body: Clash Verge is running in the background.
 service:
-  adminInstallPrompt: Installing the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
-  adminUninstallPrompt: Uninstalling the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
+  adminPrompt: Installing the service requires administrator privileges.
 tray:
   dashboard: Dashboard
   ruleMode: Rule Mode
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/en.yml b/src-tauri/locales/en.yml
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/en.yml
rename to src-tauri/locales/en.yml
index c9467a742..fbfee9cb3 100644
--- a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/en.yml
+++ b/src-tauri/locales/en.yml
@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@ notifications:
     title: Application Hidden
     body: Clash Verge is running in the background.
 service:
-  adminInstallPrompt: Installing the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
-  adminUninstallPrompt: Uninstalling the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
+  adminInstallPrompt: Installing the service requires administrator privileges.
+  adminUninstallPrompt: Uninstalling the service requires administrator privileges.
+
 tray:
   dashboard: Dashboard
   ruleMode: Rule Mode
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/es.yml b/src-tauri/locales/es.yml
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/es.yml
rename to src-tauri/locales/es.yml
index 104445270..6616029e5 100644
--- a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/es.yml
+++ b/src-tauri/locales/es.yml
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ notifications:
     title: Application Hidden
     body: Clash Verge is running in the background.
 service:
-  adminInstallPrompt: Installing the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
-  adminUninstallPrompt: Uninstalling the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
+  adminPrompt: Installing the service requires administrator privileges.
 tray:
   dashboard: Dashboard
   ruleMode: Rule Mode
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/fa.yml b/src-tauri/locales/fa.yml
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/fa.yml
rename to src-tauri/locales/fa.yml
index c9467a742..bd2ef91fd 100644
--- a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/fa.yml
+++ b/src-tauri/locales/fa.yml
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ notifications:
     title: Application Hidden
     body: Clash Verge is running in the background.
 service:
-  adminInstallPrompt: Installing the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
-  adminUninstallPrompt: Uninstalling the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
+  adminPrompt: Installing the service requires administrator privileges.
 tray:
   dashboard: Dashboard
   ruleMode: Rule Mode
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/id.yml b/src-tauri/locales/id.yml
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/id.yml
rename to src-tauri/locales/id.yml
index a607d62a6..1a095afc9 100644
--- a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/id.yml
+++ b/src-tauri/locales/id.yml
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ notifications:
     title: Application Hidden
     body: Clash Verge is running in the background.
 service:
-  adminInstallPrompt: Installing the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
-  adminUninstallPrompt: Uninstalling the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
+  adminPrompt: Installing the service requires administrator privileges.
 tray:
   dashboard: Dashboard
   ruleMode: Rule Mode
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/jp.yml b/src-tauri/locales/jp.yml
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/jp.yml
rename to src-tauri/locales/jp.yml
index 96d233cdb..c8bb59412 100644
--- a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/jp.yml
+++ b/src-tauri/locales/jp.yml
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ notifications:
     title: Application Hidden
     body: Clash Verge is running in the background.
 service:
-  adminInstallPrompt: Installing the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
-  adminUninstallPrompt: Uninstalling the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
+  adminPrompt: Installing the service requires administrator privileges.
 tray:
   dashboard: Dashboard
   ruleMode: Rule Mode
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/ko.yml b/src-tauri/locales/ko.yml
similarity index 89%
rename from crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/ko.yml
rename to src-tauri/locales/ko.yml
index e60c787cf..ce4a45117 100644
--- a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/ko.yml
+++ b/src-tauri/locales/ko.yml
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ notifications:
     title: 앱이 숨겨짐
     body: Clash Verge가 백그라운드에서 실행 중입니다.
 service:
-  adminInstallPrompt: Installing the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
-  adminUninstallPrompt: Uninstalling the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
+  adminPrompt: 서비스를 설치하려면 관리자 권한이 필요합니다.
 tray:
   dashboard: 대시보드
   ruleMode: 규칙 모드
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/ru.yml b/src-tauri/locales/ru.yml
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/ru.yml
rename to src-tauri/locales/ru.yml
index 0d4c6688d..24cf7689b 100644
--- a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/ru.yml
+++ b/src-tauri/locales/ru.yml
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ notifications:
     title: Application Hidden
     body: Clash Verge is running in the background.
 service:
-  adminInstallPrompt: Installing the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
-  adminUninstallPrompt: Uninstalling the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
+  adminPrompt: Installing the service requires administrator privileges.
 tray:
   dashboard: Dashboard
   ruleMode: Rule Mode
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/tr.yml b/src-tauri/locales/tr.yml
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/tr.yml
rename to src-tauri/locales/tr.yml
index 5b238b241..3b1df8408 100644
--- a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/tr.yml
+++ b/src-tauri/locales/tr.yml
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ notifications:
     title: Application Hidden
     body: Clash Verge is running in the background.
 service:
-  adminInstallPrompt: Installing the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
-  adminUninstallPrompt: Uninstalling the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
+  adminPrompt: Installing the service requires administrator privileges.
 tray:
   dashboard: Dashboard
   ruleMode: Rule Mode
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/tt.yml b/src-tauri/locales/tt.yml
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/tt.yml
rename to src-tauri/locales/tt.yml
index c9467a742..bd2ef91fd 100644
--- a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/tt.yml
+++ b/src-tauri/locales/tt.yml
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ notifications:
     title: Application Hidden
     body: Clash Verge is running in the background.
 service:
-  adminInstallPrompt: Installing the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
-  adminUninstallPrompt: Uninstalling the Clash Verge service requires administrator privileges.
+  adminPrompt: Installing the service requires administrator privileges.
 tray:
   dashboard: Dashboard
   ruleMode: Rule Mode
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/zh.yml b/src-tauri/locales/zh.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/zh.yml
rename to src-tauri/locales/zh.yml
diff --git a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/zhtw.yml b/src-tauri/locales/zhtw.yml
similarity index 91%
rename from crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/zhtw.yml
rename to src-tauri/locales/zhtw.yml
index 1c6cfd0c1..2291530f0 100644
--- a/crates/clash-verge-i18n/locales/zhtw.yml
+++ b/src-tauri/locales/zhtw.yml
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ notifications:
     title: 應用已隱藏
     body: Clash Verge 正在背景執行。
 service:
-  adminInstallPrompt: 安裝 Clash Verge 服務需要管理員權限
-  adminUninstallPrompt: 卸载 Clash Verge 服務需要管理員權限
+  adminInstallPrompt: 安裝服務需要管理員權限
+  adminUninstallPrompt: 卸载服務需要管理員權限
 tray:
   dashboard: 儀表板
   ruleMode: 規則模式
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/config/verge.rs b/src-tauri/src/config/verge.rs
index 66176a9c9..84638660d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/config/verge.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/config/verge.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::{
     config::{DEFAULT_PAC, deserialize_encrypted, serialize_encrypted},
-    utils::{dirs, help},
+    utils::{dirs, help, i18n},
 };
 use anyhow::Result;
 use clash_verge_logging::{Type, logging};
@@ -346,6 +346,19 @@ impl IVerge {
         self.clash_core.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "verge-mihomo".into())
     }
 
+    fn get_system_language() -> String {
+        let sys_lang = sys_locale::get_locale().unwrap_or_else(|| "en".into()).to_lowercase();
+
+        let lang_code = sys_lang.split(['_', '-']).next().unwrap_or("en");
+        let supported_languages = i18n::get_supported_languages();
+
+        if supported_languages.contains(&lang_code.into()) {
+            lang_code.into()
+        } else {
+            String::from("en")
+        }
+    }
+
     pub async fn new() -> Self {
         match dirs::verge_path() {
             Ok(path) => match help::read_yaml::<Self>(&path).await {
@@ -375,7 +388,7 @@ impl IVerge {
             app_log_max_size: Some(128),
             app_log_max_count: Some(8),
             clash_core: Some("verge-mihomo".into()),
-            language: Some(clash_verge_i18n::system_language().into()),
+            language: Some(Self::get_system_language()),
             theme_mode: Some("system".into()),
             #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
             env_type: Some("bash".into()),
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/core/service.rs b/src-tauri/src/core/service.rs
index 0e1e9defe..1974473d6 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/core/service.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/core/service.rs
@@ -30,8 +30,9 @@ pub enum ServiceStatus {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ServiceManager(ServiceStatus);
 
+#[allow(clippy::unused_async)]
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn uninstall_service() -> Result<()> {
+async fn uninstall_service() -> Result<()> {
     logging!(info, Type::Service, "uninstall service");
 
     use deelevate::{PrivilegeLevel, Token};
@@ -62,8 +63,9 @@ fn uninstall_service() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::unused_async)]
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn install_service() -> Result<()> {
+async fn install_service() -> Result<()> {
     logging!(info, Type::Service, "install service");
 
     use deelevate::{PrivilegeLevel, Token};
@@ -91,8 +93,27 @@ fn install_service() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+async fn reinstall_service() -> Result<()> {
+    logging!(info, Type::Service, "reinstall service");
+
+    // 先卸载服务
+    if let Err(err) = uninstall_service().await {
+        logging!(warn, Type::Service, "failed to uninstall service: {}", err);
+    }
+
+    // 再安装服务
+    match install_service().await {
+        Ok(_) => Ok(()),
+        Err(err) => {
+            bail!(format!("failed to install service: {err}"))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::unused_async)]
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
-fn uninstall_service() -> Result<()> {
+async fn uninstall_service() -> Result<()> {
     logging!(info, Type::Service, "uninstall service");
 
     let uninstall_path = tauri::utils::platform::current_exe()?.with_file_name("clash-verge-service-uninstall");
@@ -148,7 +169,8 @@ fn uninstall_service() -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
-fn install_service() -> Result<()> {
+#[allow(clippy::unused_async)]
+async fn install_service() -> Result<()> {
     logging!(info, Type::Service, "install service");
 
     let install_path = tauri::utils::platform::current_exe()?.with_file_name("clash-verge-service-install");
@@ -200,6 +222,24 @@ fn install_service() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+async fn reinstall_service() -> Result<()> {
+    logging!(info, Type::Service, "reinstall service");
+
+    // 先卸载服务
+    if let Err(err) = uninstall_service().await {
+        logging!(warn, Type::Service, "failed to uninstall service: {}", err);
+    }
+
+    // 再安装服务
+    match install_service().await {
+        Ok(_) => Ok(()),
+        Err(err) => {
+            bail!(format!("failed to install service: {err}"))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
 fn linux_running_as_root() -> bool {
     use crate::core::handle;
@@ -209,7 +249,7 @@ fn linux_running_as_root() -> bool {
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
-fn uninstall_service() -> Result<()> {
+async fn uninstall_service() -> Result<()> {
     logging!(info, Type::Service, "uninstall service");
 
     let binary_path = dirs::service_path()?;
@@ -221,9 +261,9 @@ fn uninstall_service() -> Result<()> {
 
     let uninstall_shell: String = uninstall_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
 
-    // clash_verge_i18n::sync_locale(Config::verge().await.latest_arc().language.as_deref());
+    crate::utils::i18n::sync_locale().await;
 
-    let prompt = clash_verge_i18n::t!("service.adminUninstallPrompt");
+    let prompt = rust_i18n::t!("service.adminUninstallPrompt").to_string();
     let command =
         format!(r#"do shell script "sudo '{uninstall_shell}'" with administrator privileges with prompt "{prompt}""#);
 
@@ -242,7 +282,7 @@ fn uninstall_service() -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
-fn install_service() -> Result<()> {
+async fn install_service() -> Result<()> {
     logging!(info, Type::Service, "install service");
 
     let binary_path = dirs::service_path()?;
@@ -254,9 +294,9 @@ fn install_service() -> Result<()> {
 
     let install_shell: String = install_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
 
-    // clash_verge_i18n::sync_locale(Config::verge().await.latest_arc().language.as_deref());
+    crate::utils::i18n::sync_locale().await;
 
-    let prompt = clash_verge_i18n::t!("service.adminInstallPrompt");
+    let prompt = rust_i18n::t!("service.adminInstallPrompt").to_string();
     let command =
         format!(r#"do shell script "sudo '{install_shell}'" with administrator privileges with prompt "{prompt}""#);
 
@@ -269,16 +309,17 @@ fn install_service() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn reinstall_service() -> Result<()> {
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+async fn reinstall_service() -> Result<()> {
     logging!(info, Type::Service, "reinstall service");
 
     // 先卸载服务
-    if let Err(err) = uninstall_service() {
+    if let Err(err) = uninstall_service().await {
         logging!(warn, Type::Service, "failed to uninstall service: {}", err);
     }
 
     // 再安装服务
-    match install_service() {
+    match install_service().await {
         Ok(_) => Ok(()),
         Err(err) => {
             bail!(format!("failed to install service: {err}"))
@@ -287,9 +328,9 @@ fn reinstall_service() -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 /// 强制重装服务（UI修复按钮）
-fn force_reinstall_service() -> Result<()> {
+async fn force_reinstall_service() -> Result<()> {
     logging!(info, Type::Service, "用户请求强制重装服务");
-    reinstall_service().map_err(|err| {
+    reinstall_service().await.map_err(|err| {
         logging!(error, Type::Service, "强制重装服务失败: {}", err);
         err
     })
@@ -509,22 +550,22 @@ impl ServiceManager {
             }
             ServiceStatus::NeedsReinstall | ServiceStatus::ReinstallRequired => {
                 logging!(info, Type::Service, "服务需要重装，执行重装流程");
-                reinstall_service()?;
+                reinstall_service().await?;
                 wait_and_check_service_available(self).await?;
             }
             ServiceStatus::ForceReinstallRequired => {
                 logging!(info, Type::Service, "服务需要强制重装，执行强制重装流程");
-                force_reinstall_service()?;
+                force_reinstall_service().await?;
                 wait_and_check_service_available(self).await?;
             }
             ServiceStatus::InstallRequired => {
                 logging!(info, Type::Service, "需要安装服务，执行安装流程");
-                install_service()?;
+                install_service().await?;
                 wait_and_check_service_available(self).await?;
             }
             ServiceStatus::UninstallRequired => {
                 logging!(info, Type::Service, "服务需要卸载，执行卸载流程");
-                uninstall_service()?;
+                uninstall_service().await?;
                 self.0 = ServiceStatus::Unavailable("Service Uninstalled".into());
             }
             ServiceStatus::Unavailable(reason) => {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/core/tray/menu_def.rs b/src-tauri/src/core/tray/menu_def.rs
index df47400fa..24a488fdc 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/core/tray/menu_def.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/core/tray/menu_def.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-use clash_verge_i18n::t;
+use rust_i18n::t;
 use std::{borrow::Cow, sync::Arc};
 
-fn to_arc_str<S>(value: S) -> Arc<str>
-where
-    S: Into<Cow<'static, str>>,
-{
-    match value.into() {
+fn to_arc_str(value: Cow<'static, str>) -> Arc<str> {
+    match value {
         Cow::Borrowed(s) => Arc::from(s),
         Cow::Owned(s) => Arc::from(s.into_boxed_str()),
     }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/core/tray/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/core/tray/mod.rs
index 4a5dab1f9..5cc6a01e8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/core/tray/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/core/tray/mod.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,11 @@ use crate::process::AsyncHandler;
 use crate::singleton;
 use crate::utils::window_manager::WindowManager;
 use crate::{
-    Type, cmd, config::Config, feat, logging, module::lightweight::is_in_lightweight_mode,
-    utils::dirs::find_target_icons,
+    Type, cmd,
+    config::Config,
+    feat, logging,
+    module::lightweight::is_in_lightweight_mode,
+    utils::{dirs::find_target_icons, i18n},
 };
 
 use super::handle;
@@ -386,8 +389,7 @@ impl Tray {
 
         let app_handle = handle::Handle::app_handle();
 
-        // We do not want to always synchronize locale settings to cause unnecessary performance cost
-        // clash_verge_i18n::sync_locale().await;
+        i18n::sync_locale().await;
 
         let verge = Config::verge().await.latest_arc();
         let system_proxy = verge.enable_system_proxy.as_ref().unwrap_or(&false);
@@ -415,9 +417,9 @@ impl Tray {
         }
 
         // Get localized strings before using them
-        let sys_proxy_text = clash_verge_i18n::t!("tray.tooltip.systemProxy");
-        let tun_text = clash_verge_i18n::t!("tray.tooltip.tun");
-        let profile_text = clash_verge_i18n::t!("tray.tooltip.profile");
+        let sys_proxy_text = rust_i18n::t!("tray.tooltip.systemProxy");
+        let tun_text = rust_i18n::t!("tray.tooltip.tun");
+        let profile_text = rust_i18n::t!("tray.tooltip.profile");
 
         let v = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
         let reassembled_version = v.split_once('+').map_or_else(
@@ -722,8 +724,7 @@ async fn create_tray_menu(
 ) -> Result<tauri::menu::Menu<Wry>> {
     let current_proxy_mode = mode.unwrap_or("");
 
-    // We do not want to always synchronize locale settings to cause unnecessary performance cost
-    // i18n::sync_locale().await;
+    i18n::sync_locale().await;
 
     // TODO: should update tray menu again when it was timeout error
     let proxy_nodes_data = tokio::time::timeout(
@@ -828,9 +829,9 @@ async fn create_tray_menu(
         None
     } else {
         let current_mode_text = match current_proxy_mode {
-            "global" => clash_verge_i18n::t!("tray.global"),
-            "direct" => clash_verge_i18n::t!("tray.direct"),
-            _ => clash_verge_i18n::t!("tray.rule"),
+            "global" => rust_i18n::t!("tray.global"),
+            "direct" => rust_i18n::t!("tray.direct"),
+            _ => rust_i18n::t!("tray.rule"),
         };
         let outbound_modes_label = format!("{} ({})", texts.outbound_modes, current_mode_text);
         Some(Submenu::with_id_and_items(
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/feat/config.rs b/src-tauri/src/feat/config.rs
index 3fc39d3aa..2c5b653c1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/feat/config.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/feat/config.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,6 @@ enum UpdateFlags {
     SystrayTooltip = 1 << 8,
     SystrayClickBehavior = 1 << 9,
     LighteWeight = 1 << 10,
-    Language = 1 << 11,
 }
 
 fn determine_update_flags(patch: &IVerge) -> i32 {
@@ -154,7 +153,6 @@ fn determine_update_flags(patch: &IVerge) -> i32 {
     }
 
     if language.is_some() {
-        update_flags |= UpdateFlags::Language as i32;
         update_flags |= UpdateFlags::SystrayMenu as i32;
     }
     if common_tray_icon.is_some()
@@ -214,11 +212,6 @@ async fn process_terminated_flags(update_flags: i32, patch: &IVerge) -> Result<(
     if (update_flags & (UpdateFlags::Launch as i32)) != 0 {
         sysopt::Sysopt::global().update_launch().await?;
     }
-    if (update_flags & (UpdateFlags::Language as i32)) != 0
-        && let Some(language) = &patch.language
-    {
-        clash_verge_i18n::set_locale(language.as_str());
-    }
     if (update_flags & (UpdateFlags::SysProxy as i32)) != 0 {
         sysopt::Sysopt::global().update_sysproxy().await?;
         sysopt::Sysopt::global().refresh_guard().await;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 86a3dfff5..6fb522b81 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use crate::{
 use anyhow::Result;
 use clash_verge_logging::{Type, logging};
 use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
+use rust_i18n::i18n;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager as _};
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
@@ -26,6 +27,8 @@ use tauri_plugin_autostart::MacosLauncher;
 use tauri_plugin_deep_link::DeepLinkExt as _;
 use tauri_plugin_mihomo::RejectPolicy;
 
+i18n!("locales", fallback = "zh");
+
 pub static APP_HANDLE: OnceCell<AppHandle> = OnceCell::new();
 /// Application initialization helper functions
 mod app_init {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/utils/i18n.rs b/src-tauri/src/utils/i18n.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc8c9bf31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/utils/i18n.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+use crate::config::Config;
+use sys_locale;
+
+const DEFAULT_LANGUAGE: &str = "zh";
+
+fn supported_languages_internal() -> Vec<&'static str> {
+    rust_i18n::available_locales!()
+}
+
+const fn fallback_language() -> &'static str {
+    DEFAULT_LANGUAGE
+}
+
+fn locale_alias(locale: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    match locale {
+        "ja" | "ja-jp" | "jp" => Some("jp"),
+        "zh" | "zh-cn" | "zh-hans" | "zh-sg" | "zh-my" | "zh-chs" => Some("zh"),
+        "zh-tw" | "zh-hk" | "zh-hant" | "zh-mo" | "zh-cht" => Some("zhtw"),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn resolve_supported_language(language: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    if language.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let normalized = language.to_lowercase().replace('_', "-");
+
+    let mut candidates: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+    let mut push_candidate = |candidate: String| {
+        if !candidate.is_empty()
+            && !candidates
+                .iter()
+                .any(|existing| existing.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&candidate))
+        {
+            candidates.push(candidate);
+        }
+    };
+
+    let segments: Vec<&str> = normalized.split('-').collect();
+
+    for i in (1..=segments.len()).rev() {
+        let prefix = segments[..i].join("-");
+        if let Some(alias) = locale_alias(&prefix) {
+            push_candidate(alias.to_string());
+        }
+        push_candidate(prefix);
+    }
+
+    let supported = supported_languages_internal();
+
+    candidates
+        .into_iter()
+        .find(|candidate| supported.iter().any(|&lang| lang.eq_ignore_ascii_case(candidate)))
+}
+
+fn system_language() -> String {
+    sys_locale::get_locale()
+        .as_deref()
+        .and_then(resolve_supported_language)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| fallback_language().to_string())
+}
+
+pub fn get_supported_languages() -> Vec<String> {
+    supported_languages_internal()
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|lang| lang.to_string())
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub fn set_locale(language: &str) {
+    let lang = resolve_supported_language(language).unwrap_or_else(|| fallback_language().to_string());
+    rust_i18n::set_locale(&lang);
+}
+
+pub async fn current_language() -> String {
+    Config::verge()
+        .await
+        .latest_arc()
+        .language
+        .as_ref()
+        .filter(|lang| !lang.is_empty())
+        .and_then(|lang| resolve_supported_language(lang))
+        .unwrap_or_else(system_language)
+}
+
+pub async fn sync_locale() -> String {
+    let language = current_language().await;
+    set_locale(&language);
+    language
+}
+
+pub const fn default_language() -> &'static str {
+    fallback_language()
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/utils/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/utils/mod.rs
index 5015c099a..0746fbd3f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/utils/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/utils/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 pub mod dirs;
 pub mod help;
+pub mod i18n;
 pub mod init;
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
 pub mod linux;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/utils/notification.rs b/src-tauri/src/utils/notification.rs
index bb9d502dd..e35eb0c22 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/utils/notification.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/utils/notification.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-use crate::core::handle;
-use clash_verge_i18n;
+use crate::{core::handle, utils::i18n};
 use tauri_plugin_notification::NotificationExt as _;
 
 pub enum NotificationEvent<'a> {
@@ -22,49 +21,48 @@ fn notify(title: &str, body: &str) {
 }
 
 pub async fn notify_event<'a>(event: NotificationEvent<'a>) {
-    // It cause to sync set-local everytime notify, so move it outside
-    // i18n::sync_locale().await;
+    i18n::sync_locale().await;
 
     match event {
         NotificationEvent::DashboardToggled => {
-            let title = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.dashboardToggled.title");
-            let body = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.dashboardToggled.body");
+            let title = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.dashboardToggled.title").to_string();
+            let body = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.dashboardToggled.body").to_string();
             notify(&title, &body);
         }
         NotificationEvent::ClashModeChanged { mode } => {
-            let title = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.clashModeChanged.title");
-            let body = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.clashModeChanged.body").replace("{mode}", mode);
+            let title = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.clashModeChanged.title").to_string();
+            let body = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.clashModeChanged.body").replace("{mode}", mode);
             notify(&title, &body);
         }
         NotificationEvent::SystemProxyToggled => {
-            let title = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.systemProxyToggled.title");
-            let body = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.systemProxyToggled.body");
+            let title = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.systemProxyToggled.title").to_string();
+            let body = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.systemProxyToggled.body").to_string();
             notify(&title, &body);
         }
         NotificationEvent::TunModeToggled => {
-            let title = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.tunModeToggled.title");
-            let body = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.tunModeToggled.body");
+            let title = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.tunModeToggled.title").to_string();
+            let body = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.tunModeToggled.body").to_string();
             notify(&title, &body);
         }
         NotificationEvent::LightweightModeEntered => {
-            let title = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.lightweightModeEntered.title");
-            let body = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.lightweightModeEntered.body");
+            let title = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.lightweightModeEntered.title").to_string();
+            let body = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.lightweightModeEntered.body").to_string();
             notify(&title, &body);
         }
         NotificationEvent::ProfilesReactivated => {
-            let title = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.profilesReactivated.title");
-            let body = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.profilesReactivated.body");
+            let title = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.profilesReactivated.title").to_string();
+            let body = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.profilesReactivated.body").to_string();
             notify(&title, &body);
         }
         NotificationEvent::AppQuit => {
-            let title = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.appQuit.title");
-            let body = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.appQuit.body");
+            let title = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.appQuit.title").to_string();
+            let body = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.appQuit.body").to_string();
             notify(&title, &body);
         }
         #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
         NotificationEvent::AppHidden => {
-            let title = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.appHidden.title");
-            let body = clash_verge_i18n::t!("notifications.appHidden.body");
+            let title = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.appHidden.title").to_string();
+            let body = rust_i18n::t!("notifications.appHidden.body").to_string();
             notify(&title, &body);
         }
     }